Problems affecting the development and use of Information Technology in West Africa have been a major topic of discussion and concern for eons, encompassing  discourse from various IT experts the world over, and even the average individual.

Over the years, in most parts of West Africa, the development of Information Technology has been hampered, largely due to inadequate or insufficient Telecommunication Infrastructure, and even where these infrastructure have existed, the service charges are beyond the reach of the average person.

Pascal Zachary, in his article titled Ghana’s Digital Dilemma- The lesson from West Africa: good computers and fast modems don’t matter if you can’t get a dial tone and the power keeps going out- which was first published in July 2002, writes;

“In the West African country of Ghana, one of the world’s poorest places, the busy signal is a reminder of the unfulfilled promise of the Information Age. Making a telephone call here requires persistence. Roughly half don’t go through because of system failures, but that’s only the start of Ghana’s telephone woes. The country has a mere 240,000 phone lines-for a population of 20 million spread across an area the size of Britain. Moreover, telephone bills are inaccurate, overcharges common, and the installation of a new line can cost a business more than $1,000, the rough equivalent of the annual office rent. Lines are frequently stolen, sometimes with the connivance of employees of Ghana Telecom, the national carrier. Phones go dead, and remain unrepaired, for months. Some businesses hire staff for the chief purpose of dialing numbers until calls go through.

The spread of mobile phones has only worsened telephone gridlock. There are more mobile phones in Ghana than wired ones-about 300,000, as of March-but the network is clogged because of a shortage of cell stations. Customers are bedeviled by what operators term “dropped calls.” Besides, calls are costly. The price of a one-minute wireless conversation, under the most common plan, is ten times higher than it would be in the United States. “The situation has come to a point of crisis,” says Kwesi Nduom, the country’s minister for economic planning. Ghana’s telecom mess limits the utility of the Internet, raises the costs of information services-and suggests that the country is mired in the Stone Age, technologically. But the situation here, as in much of sub-Saharan Africa, defies such straightforward conclusions. There is another side to the country’s technological profile, a burgeoning homegrown technology culture that explodes assumptions about the inherent backwardness of Africa and the nature of the so-called digital divide.”

Mr. Zachary, who visited Ghana on several occasions between 2000 – 2002, first as a Foreign correspondent for the Wall Street Journal, and later as a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, Graduate School of Journalism,  goes on to talk about how Information Technology had changed the landscape in different ways, saying;

These problems however, are not peculiar to Ghana, but cut across the entire West African sub region, and a lot of effort has been made to tackle the issues highlighted, and nip the growing IT concerns, resulting in several meetings, workshops, and summits- most notably; the Africa ICT summits and the iPAD 2008. Unsurprisingly, these discussions are most often geared at tackling the same problem- Infrastructure. For instance, the most recent (7th) Africa ICT summit, held in Ghana, was on the theme: “Strategies for low cost broadband access in Africa.“ :

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Is IT Infrastructure Really West Africa’s Problem?

Perhaps not! To reiterate, the period between 2002 and 2008 has seen significant improvement in IT infrastructure in Ghana for instance, but not as much improvement in the attachment and use of these infrastructure.  Could the problem lie elsewhere? Just maybe! A school of thought has it that;

providing all the “tech” infrastructure without properly engaging the populace, would not only be- “a complete waste of resources, but also plain ludicrous”.

In most parts of the sub-region, the concept of being IT savvy appears to be completely misunderstood, as basic (sometimes Theoretical) knowledge of common Office applications such as Microsoft® Word, Excel, PowerPoint,  and (maybe) Publisher or Access would make one an “IT guru”. Extremely worrying also, is the Curricula of the educational system of most West African states as regards IT- where the course structure of Degree awarding, IT programs such  as Computer Science (Bsc.) for instance, is a far cry from what exists in most other parts of the world.

The concept of E-Learning also, which was widely promoted over the last couple of years, now seems to be mere Rhetoric, and at best a figure of speech- this coming at a time where the Full Sail University has just introduced an Online Masters Degree awarding program in “Internet Marketing”.

More so, a previous post “Top Paying IT Jobs For 2009″, quickly woke me to the fact that apart from AJAX developers and maybe Enterprise Architects, most of the other “hot” IT jobs for 2009 probably (I could be wrong) do not even exist in West Africa.

In a part of the world where innovation is not encouraged and (brilliant) ideas are “killed” before they even hatch- as almost everything is played to the gallery- it is difficult to envisage a period where the IT focus would have gone beyond just understanding and appreciating the concepts, to actually competing at a global level, but the belief remains that we would get there some day.

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After reviewing Global IT Trends For 2009, it became quite evident that despite the global economic down turn, the future of the IT industry still remains extremely bright. As a matter of fact, forecasts from industry leaders project that IT specialist would be pivotal to the success of businesses this Year.

According to the Baseline magazine;

… Many of the hottest roles and skills address issues specific to survival, such as productivity, efficiency and process improvement. Most relevant are those experts who can use technology to help drive profit ….. quoting David Foote- chief research officer for Foote Partners.

This, no doubt, is in line with the increasing interest in the adaptation and use of Social Media for market development, not to mention the increase in the deployment and use of Web 2.0 applications, Web/Video conferencing, and Telepresence systems.

Below is an excerpt from a chart in a report by ‘David White, JISC funded ‘SPIRE’ project 2007’, representing trends in Web 2.0 usage;

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Though the current job market is brutal, it is quite evident that some IT specializations remain in high demand. According to Foote, Executives are interested in keeping their customers, getting new customers, making acquisitions and anything to keep the revenue channel going.

Here is a list of “hot” IT jobs for 2009 à la The Baseline Mag;

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Brace Yourself ……..

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• Business intelligence Experts
  BI experts can help organizations “In a lot of decisions having to do with how the customer base is changing, market differentiation, pricing and services.” Foote says

• Resiliency Services Professionals
  while many larger enterprises may be slimming down, some of their already mature business continuity practices, resiliency services are big in the mid-market. Many of these jobs will be through outsource services firms.

• Vendor Procurement Specialists
  “It’s pretty clear that in this next year, companies are going to be renegotiating contracts like crazy,” Foote says. A savvy vendor procurement specialist is critical to getting the upper hand in these negotiations.

• Outsourcing and Vendor Managers
  Slightly different than a procurement specialist, vendor and outsourcing managers are project management specialists who act as liaisons and enforce SLAs once the ink dries on the contract.

• Enterprise Architects
  Forrester Research voted this one as “Very Hot” last August in an internal survery of analysts. Since the economy tanked, the role’s importance has grown as IT is called to automate and streamline processes and infrastructure.

• ITIL Managers
  Governance and standardization are keys to getting automation efforts off the ground in an orderly fashion, and companies will be paying a premium for ITIL and business process experts in 2009.

• Virtualization Gurus
  HR gurus with the job site Dice.com are reporting that even though IT job listings went down 12 percent last year, virtualization postings went up 37 percent.

• Security Architects
  IT security is staffing up, and some of the highest demand is for architects who can understand the complexities of various IT ecosystems and emerging risks from technology like virtualization.

• AJAX Developers
  Businesses will continue to leverage Web 2.o technology to differentiate themselves, so it’s clear that AJAX and XML skills remain in high demand.

• Storage Directors
  Another hot role per Forrester, this one is critical as organizations hope to coordinate for better storage utilization rates, slimming down on hardware purchase costs in the process.

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The Mobile industry is not left out! According to a report titled “Mobile Internet 2010,”- there are more than 4 billion wireless subscribers globally and many of these will be using their handset as the main Internet terminal.

In order for that potential to be achieved however, the report said carriers need to boost their networks, and handsets makers need to do a better job of incorporating Web services into a phone’s user interface.

It goes without saying that Mobile application developers would also be in huge demand this year.We just have to wait and see how it all unfolds.

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Global PC processor manufacturing giant Intel, yesterday- 15th Jan 2009, reported a whopping 90% drop in fourth-quarter profits for 2008, as revenue fell by 23%. The company becomes the latest “hard-hit” casualty of the global recession, which has affected the sales of PCs and consumer electronics worldwide.

For 2008, Intel posted revenue of $37.6 billion, operating income of $9 billion, net income of $5.3 billion and EPS of 92 cents. Intel generated approximately $11 billion in cash from operations, paid cash dividends of $3.1 billion and used $7.1 billion to repurchase 324 million shares of common stock.

President and Chief Executive, Paul Otellini, in a statement said;

The economy and the industry are in the process of resetting to a new baseline from which growth will resume,”

“While the environment is uncertain, our fundamental business strategies are more focused than ever. Intel will continue to extend its manufacturing leadership, drive product innovation, develop new markets and implement operating efficiencies that have already taken more than $3 billion out of our ongoing cost structure since 2006. Intel has weathered difficult times in the past, and we know what needs to be done to drive our success moving forward. Our new technologies and new products will help us ignite market growth and thrive when the economy recovers.”

Intel Reports Fourth-Quarter and Annual Results

• Fourth-Quarter Revenue $8.2 Billion, down 19 Percent Sequentially
• Gross Margin 53 Percent, down 6 Points Sequentially
• Operating Income $1.5 Billion, down 50 Percent Sequentially
• Quarterly Net Income $234 Million; EPS 4 Cents

• 2008 Revenue $37.6 Billion, down 2 Percent Year-over-Year or up Slightly Adjusted for Divestitures
• Gross Margin 55 Percent, up 3.5 Points Year-over-Year
• Operating Income $9 Billion, up 9 Percent Year-over-Year
• Annual Net Income $5.3 Billion; EPS 92 Cents

Citing an excerpt from an article posted by Antone Gonsalves on the “Tech Web” website;

“Besides lower sales, Intel’s profits were hurt by a $1 billion net loss in its equity investment in Clearwire, a wireless broadband provider that leverages WiMax technology heavily promoted by Intel. Overall, Intel reported a $1.1 billion net loss in equity investments. The company had originally forecast a loss of $50 million.

Intel’s closely watched gross margin fell nearly six points from the third quarter to 53%, primarily because of charges from higher underutilization of its factories and higher inventory write-offs. Gross margin for the first quarter of this year is expected to fall to the low 40s, primarily because of charges from underutilized factories and startup costs of moving from the current 45-nanometer manufacturing process to 32 nm, which will provide the foundation for the next generation of products.”

Reports have it that Intel earns over 80% of its revenue from outside the United States, and there have been reports of dismal market for most Intel products across the globe, an exception being in sales of mini-laptops, also called netbooks.

Sales of the low-cost systems that sell for as little as $300 have been growing fast, and Intel has been gaining traction in the market with its Atom processors.

While declining to provide a formal projection for the first quarter of this year, Intel said that for internal purposes, it’s planning for sales of around $7 billion.

This just in, Sony Ericsson’s has just released the new W715- the mobile device which is “all — and only — about Vodafone”.

The new and “exclusive to Vodafone” slider boasts a 3.2 megapixel camera, Bluetooth, aGPS, WiFi, DLNA certified, 120MB memory, quad-band GSM, 900 / 2100 HSDPA, ………

News of its release has been making the rounds all over the net, with several blogs, online news sources, etc. posting numerous articles commenting on the new and unique features of the Walkman.

Anyway, the most interesting (not to mention amusing-) aspects of its features, from an African perspective that is- is its purported ability to;

“enable quick access to its navigation services through among others a dedicated key.”

You may be wondering why this is so “amusing”.

Ever heard of Google Maps? Sure you have! “Play” with this (useful) navigation tool for a while, and you would begin to see the amusement in all of this. Try navigating to Ghana for instance at a zoom level of 25, and see what it tells you.

Hint: Click the link- Ghana’s Google map, and “navigate” to the bottom of the page for quick access.

According to the IT News Africa website;

Aside from turn-by-turn pedestrian or driving navigation available using Vodafone Find&Go, customers will be able to find their nearest restaurants, hotels or shopping centers all within a few clicks on their new mobile phone, the company said. (Company here referring to Sony Ericsson of course).

It beats the imagination how finding any kind of useful information on the Walkman would be possible in some parts of Africa, where even getting street names and postal codes is a “tug-of-war”.

Anyway, not to discourage any potential shoppers, the w715 Walkman is still good for many other things. Quoting IT News Africa again;

“On the top of premium music experience with crystal clear sound, the W715 includes popular Walkman features such as the music recognition application TrackID, SensMe for matching your mood to the music, and Shake Control to change tracks with the flick of a wrist. All this provides for a premium Music experience, fully integrated with Vodafone Music, allowing easy access to single and album downloads,” said Sony Ericsson.

2008 saw a number of significant changes in IT trends globally, the most distinctive being the rise of social media in 2008. Chris Crum of Web Pro News takes a look at the Year in Social Media. It is quite obvious that there was a lot of activity in the world of social media.

There were also quite a number of changes in SEO trends in 2008, most notably Google’s Custom Search, and toolbar update, which saw a number of websites lose and gain PR.

As far as global IT trends for 2009 are concerned, there have been a number of predictions, especially on the growth in “Tech Spending”. Quoting the Wall Street Journal blog;

“Businesses and other organizations in the U.S. will spend $573 billion on computer software, hardware and services next year, just 1.6% more than they spent in 2008, according to new data out Tuesday from Forrester Research Inc. In contrast, U.S. tech spending grew 4.1% in 2008 and 7% in 2007. Earlier this year, Forrester predicted U.S. tech spending would grow 6.1% in 2009.

The results are based on several factors, including real gross domestic product growth and how technology is valued by businesses, says Andrew Bartels, an analyst at Forrester.

Despite forecasts that show real GDP declining, tech spending will grow slightly because “businesses have become more dependent on technology”

As the baseline mag puts it ;

“.. enterprises with a forward-thinking approach and a solid grasp of technology trends will have a distinct competitive advantage. The following technologies trends in areas like SaaS, virtualization and project portfolio management, among others, are likely to shape IT and business in the coming year, and they can give your company the advantage it needs to do business in this challenging economic environment.”

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Expected global IT trends for 2009

• Saas- Software as a Service
  Cloud computing environments will contribute to the expansion of SaaS into areas beyond ERP, CRM and HR management systems. Rob DeSisto, analyst for Gartner, says organizations increasingly see the benefits of moving large-scale software expenses from the capital budget to the operating budget.

• Document management and E-discovery
  Systems that retain, manage and retreive documents and data quickly and seamlessly will continue to rise in 2009.”Today, anything electronic is discoverable as any part of litigation,” Forrester analyst Kyle McNabb points out. “Developing rules and procedures is essential, and it is going to receive a lot more attention in the coming year.” Not surprisingly, the focus is rapidly moving beyond ERP and enterprise systems and into the broader realm of all documents and communications.

• Virtualization
  was a huge trend over the past 2 years, and will continue to expand in storage, desktop and data center technologies in 2009.According to industry estimates, 50 to 60 percent of all servers are now virtualized. The goal is to reduce server inefficiencies and lower costs. It is now moving into the realm of SMBs, and is also extending into storage and onto the desktop, says Moosa Matariyeh, enterprise storage specialist for CDW.

• Energy efficient Data Centers
  Data-center hardware in conjunction with virtualized systems, will continue to reduce power needs with more green componentry and infrastructure.Chip and PC manufacturers are moving toward more energy-efficient components including improved memory and resource management, but the big action in 2009 will be in the areas of virtualization and storage. Businesses are quickly recognizing that they have little margin for error, and energy costs are now a huge variable, says Anil Desai, an independent IT consultant.

• Security, Risk and Compliance
  Expect risk and compliance to be automated in intrusion, detection, authentication, patch management and security analytics.

• Enterprise mobility
  Being secure and synchronized to live data while on a host of pocket computing devices will continue to expand and improve in 2009.

• Social Networking
  “the champion of 2008″- Social Networking will continue to expand in customer relationships with brands and corporate team building efforts as ways to help the bottom line.Organizations are increasingly looking to next-generation social networking tools to conduct sophisticated business intelligence and analytics. In many cases, they are mining data and looking for trends and patterns, such as which salesperson has the relationships to pull off a deal or which customers seem to have the biggest influence with others online.

• Web 2.0
  Applications built-on Web technologies will continue to prosper and proliferate in new and more cost-efficient ways in 2009.

  Some organizations are now exploring Twitter or Facebook-like applications that allow individuals to push information out and create a simpler, organic communications structure. Others are using Web 2.0 tools to handle everything from asset management to business intelligence and analytics. Tim O’Reilly, CEO of O’Reilly Media. says “We are seeing the Internet become a preferred platform for app development.”

• Project and Portfolio Management
  Robust Portfolio management systems that offer collaboration tools, business-process rules support, advanced reporting capabilities and governance tools will expand in 2009.
  
  PPM is evolving and bringing greater order to business-level decision making. Applications such as Daptiv PPM and Primavera are providing tools to mesh diverse workgroups, such as finance, marketing, human resources and IT–all while viewing groups of initiatives, conducting detailed analysis on them, and understanding underlying relationships across organizational roles and teams.

• Web and Video Conferencing
  Bigger pipes and converged data and voice networks will help spur more, cheaper video conferencing and use of video for connecting with new and existing customers.Collaboration tools are poised to go mainstream and further change the way business is conducted. According to the Boston-based research firm Aberdeen Group, 63 percent of companies say they will be using videoconferencing and so-called telepresence systems (essentially, a form of videoconferencing with high-quality images and audio) by the end of 2010.

There you have it. The future looks bright enough.

Seems the global recession played out differently for the IT industry. African firms and businesses will have to prepare themselves to meet these global IT trends, as the results would no doubt be a more productive year for business.

In an earlier post on this blog, we discussed the challenges facing the use of IT infrastructure in some parts of Africa. Recent studies have shown a slight improvement, but we aren’t there yet.

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A post on  Wired seems to suggest that blogging is “old-school” and that blogs are not what they used to be a couple of years ago.

Paul Boutin’s controversial article begins with some words of advice for intending bloggers;

“Thinking about launching your own blog? Here’s some friendly advice: Don’t. And if you’ve already got one, pull the plug.”

“Writing a weblog today isn’t the bright idea it was four years ago. The blogosphere, once a freshwater oasis of folksy self-expression and clever thought, has been flooded by a tsunami of paid bilge. Cut-rate journalists and underground marketing campaigns now drown out the authentic voices of amateur wordsmiths. It’s almost impossible to get noticed, except by hecklers. And why bother? The time it takes to craft sharp, witty blog prose is better spent expressing yourself on Flickr, Facebook, or Twitter.”

So should we stop blogging then?

As expected, this article has started a variety of discussion across the web, with comments pouring in from all quarters. Though many seem to disagree with Mr Boutin, there are quite a few who share his sentiments.

Boutin seems to be of the opinion that blogs have become too impersonal and are being monetized.

“When blogging was young, enthusiasts rode high, with posts quickly skyrocketing to the top of Google’s search results for any given topic, fueled by generous links from fellow bloggers. In 2002, a search for “Mark” ranked Web developer Mark Pilgrim above author Mark Twain. That phenomenon was part of what made blogging so exciting. No more. Today, a search for, say, Barack Obama’s latest speech will deliver a Wikipedia page, a Fox News article, and a few entries from professionally run sites like Politico.com. The odds of your clever entry appearing high on the list? Basically zero.”

In my candid opinion, and just as Mr Boutin’s article proves, blogs are still relevant, and are just about the best way to get the word around on the net.

There has been long-standing debate over the positives and negatives of the Internet, and its usage. Persistent amongst these debates has been the issue of the effects of the Internet on the human mind. It was confirmed today that- Internet Use Improves Brainpower.

This confirmation is from the results of a test conducted by a team of scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles. The team found searching on the Internet stimulates parts of the brain that control decision-making and complex reasoning.

24 volunteers aged 55 to 76 were asked to either search online or read while their brains were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The volunteers comprised of two groups; half were experienced Internet users and the others were not.

All the study participants showed increased brain activity while reading a book, but Internet searches revealed a difference between the two groups. Those who were Internet savvy registered more brain activity, while those new to the Internet did not.

Quoting Dr. Gary Small, a professor at the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior at University of California-

“The study results are encouraging, that emerging computerized technologies may have physiological effects and potential benefits for middle-aged and older adults”

‘Internet searching engages complicated brain activity, which may help exercise and improve brain function.”

“Our most striking finding was that Internet searching appears to engage a greater extent of neural circuitry that is not activated during reading – but only in those with prior Internet experience,”

There you have it. Internet usage really does improve brainpower. I, for one, am rather excited at this because I had once been involved in a debate over this, but have always had to stand down because of insufficient evidence. Now, the proof is out there for all to see.

There has been a lot of talk about “Cloud Computing” lately, leaving one to wonder what all the fuss is about. Microsoft and Google seem to be leading the race to the clouds- so to speak.

But what exactly is cloud computing anyway?

“The Cloud” is simply a metaphor for the Internet (based on how it is depicted in computer network diagrams) and is an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals. Cloud computing is Internet-based (“cloud”) development and use of computer technology (“computing”).

It is a style of computing in which IT-related capabilities are provided “as a service”, allowing users to access technology-enabled services from the Internet (“in the cloud”) without knowledge of, expertise with, or control over the technology infrastructure that supports them.

Cloud computing incorporates the Software As A Service (Saa s) technology which allows users access software modules directly from a server. That is to say-as Wikipedia puts it- that the application is hosted as a service provided to customers across the internet.

By eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer’s own computer, SaaS alleviates the customer’s burden of software maintenance, ongoing operation, and support. Conversely, customers relinquish control over software versions or changing requirements; moreover, costs to use the service become a continuous expense, rather than a single expense at time of purchase.

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Another thing which has been in the news lately is Microsoft’s Software Plus Service (S + S) which is also built around the whole cloud concept. Google and Microsoft have a slightly different approach to cloud computing. According to Pam Baker;

“On the one hand, Google’s approach to cloud computing is to put all software and services in the cloud, which is then merely retrieved by a dumb client via browser (think Google Docs, Google Apps). Microsoft, on the other hand, has a hybrid approach to the all-or-nothing scenario in that it retains computing power and software on the device itself, with data rumbling around in the cloud. The Microsoft approach is to seamlessly balance the roles of both to fit any given job at hand. Hence, the Software Plus Service (S+S) name as opposed to Software as a Service (SaaS), where software resides in the cloud.”

Microsoft’s approach seems to make more sense because if “everything” were to reside in the cloud, one would be forced to work with a limited version of the software. Just as Lewis Shepherd, CTO of Microsoft Institute for Advanced Technology in Governments puts it-

“The problem is that if everything is solely on the device it’s hard to share in real-time on the Web, but if everything is in the cloud, you are forced to work with lightweight versions of the software.”

For this reason no doubt, Microsoft plans to provide two seperate software versions- a high-powered loadable software coupled with lighter browser versions to provide maximum computing power whilst still maintaining flexibility.

So basically, while MS surface uses tremendous computing power, it is drawing data from the web. Sort of like a physical front-end and web back-end kind of thing. It is believed that this would provide richer options for the user.

Windows 7, a.k.a “Windows Cloud” should be unvieled in a couple of weeks.

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